ࡱ> @ 1jbjbqq J+lddddddd, 8:rrrrrrr  ,k Z drrrrr Nddrr8NNNrZdrdr Nx66ddddr N8N dd $ࡽ N NTara DePorte 10/17/04 Climate Change and Governance These and other efforts reflect the determination of publics, governments, and business to transcend the harsh and unacceptable trade-off between the desire to improve living standards and allow people the freedom to use energy for heat, light, and mobility on the one hand, and the desire for a clean environment on the other (Browne). There are many tradeoffs between a clean earth and the desire of communities and individuals alike to live their life as they see fit. As Brownes above comment emphasizes this as a trade-off in some ways between progress and the environment, I would argue that there is not an inherent conflict between those two, it is the methodology behind the progress, or evensimplythe large-scale definition of progress that is in conflict with sustainability and the health of the earths systems. Humans do not have to exist and grow in a way that contradicts a healthy ecosystem, nor do they have to live in poverty. It is the methods of recent growth that have been implemented by todays developed nations that are lacking in scope and foresight; Growth without respect to long-term goals and consequences is not growth, it is inevitable failure. And as Browne points out: Developing countries have the potential to leapfrog the developed world's process of industrialization, thereby providing an enormous opportunity to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions (Browne). These countries hold the potential for starting their own development in a way where they can sustainably grow within earths natural systems instead of following the path of the industrialized nations who rely on technology to play catch-up with the environmental degradation associated with growth and progress. Differing concepts of nature and equity and vulnerability do lead to different perceptions of urgency and action, however, there are many issues on a global scale that link an increased quality of life with long-term assurance of a healthy, balanced earth. Policy and practice need to be formatted to suit our needs-the earth and humanitys-as one. The earths systems not only work on varying spatial scales, but span temporal scales. As Browne discusses in his article encompassing what the global community can do to further the decisions made at Kyoto: Environmental issues, particularly carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as a multigenerational issue. The result of this is that global environmental change is both not understood, but the very nature of climate changevariable, widespread, and long-termconflicts with the structures of political calendars and agendas, as well as national borders. The pace of global warming is dependent upon emissions, earth dynamics, and societal and technological changes. The argument that technology will save it all is not only short sighted, but assumes that we, as humans, are not only able to sufficiently understand earths systems and the future results of our actions, but also that we are able to understand human systems in a way that we can predict our own growth, development, and adaptations.  (from Reyner and Malone) As Reyner and Malone discuss in their paper, although we might be able to attempt to model the earths systems with questionable accuracy for prediction, we have, arguably, even less ability to predict future cultural and social changes. According to the World Resources Institutes 2004 report, there are many competing interests between a sustainable environment and the ultimate goals of countries and the desire for control over resources. If we are to assume that natural resources are public goods as is emphasized in Esty and Ivanova, then should anyone have the rights to unilaterally control these resources? Clean air and an intact ozone layer are classic examples of public goods. While markets are the primary producers of private goods, which are delivered to individual buyers, public goods confer benefits that cannot be confined to a single individual or group. Once provided, they can be enjoyed for free. The challenge public goods pose is that, unless carefully managed, they trigger behavior that is individually rational but collectively suboptimal or even disastrous. Since the very nature of public goods is that individual users cannot be excluded, some individuals may choose to free ride on the efforts of others rather than contribute resources to the provision of the good in question. It is rational for a fisherman, for example, to try to maximize his personal gain by catching as many fish as possible as quickly as possible. Collectively, however, such a strategy leads to overexploitation of the resource and can result in a tragedy of the commons(Esty and Ivanova) However, the assumption of a divide between the common good and the individual good creates a template for increased control systems over the said resources. Following, how can we address the concerns of the individual, while speaking to the collective, all with the goal of managing a resource in a sustainable manner? International trade has a tremendous affect on shifting the scale of environmental impacts, but can have potentially beneficial results if developed and maintained in environmentally sustainable matter. The competition associated with open trade could drive more environmentally friendly practices. Policy instruments should be designed for real world conditions rather than try to make the world conform to a particular policy model. However, a great knowledge gap arises between what we understand about the earth systems and what is really happening. In addition to this, there is a great technological divide between developing and industrialized countries in that the developing world has the financial and institutional resources needed to promote and encourage technological advancement. Countries with the capacity for technological research do have a responsibility and an advantage to encourage this research and to promote a global sharing or knowledge-transfer system. What we need is a more even playing field, where global environmental issues are actually addressed on a global scale, not in the current unbalanced systems where negotiating and veto powers of developing countries greatly outweigh the developing world. How can we find an intermediate? Could this be done with the transfer and/or lending of expertise to developing countries? Incentives: the credit system, attempting to increase the incentives for business to control emissions putting too much emphasis on efficiency can counteract the long-term goals of use of limiting resources? emissions will continue to rise in the developing world Efforts to change the incentives that govern land use in the developing world are also encouraging. From the Congo Basin to the Amazon and the forests of Southeast Asia, practical partnerships of governments, nongovernmental organizations, and businesses are showing the way. Small amounts of money and skillfully designed incentives are stemming the tide of deforestation by creating a stake in protecting the forests (Browne). Revitalizing Global Enviaronment Governance Esty and Ivanova Global environmental mechanism (GEM) Needs: Adequate information Policy space for environmental negotiation Sustained capacity building effective. Tying technology transfer to official aid and export promotion policies has resulted in the imposition of inappropriate technologies on countries with little capacity to choose, assess, operate, and maintain them. Moreover, few international environmental agreements contain serious enforcement provisions. In most cases, the only incentive for compliance with treaty obligations comes from peer pressure or the threat of public exposure (Esty and Ivanova). PUBLIC GOODS GEM: Data collection, monitoring and reporting, assessment and knowledge transfer, bargaining/trade-offs, guidelings, civil society participation Global information networks Free information and knowledge transfer International Env Governance, World Resources Intern env gov International institutions (UN, UNDP, World Bank, etc) International environmental law (increasing numbers of international treatises, accords, etc) Financing mechanisms However, implementation is by the individual nation Strong linkages with trade networks and environmental concerns, how can these become more of a positive relationship? Political documents are not binding to governments and are, therefore, often ineffectual UNEP is financed by voluntary contributions of member states.without consistent funding, how can these organizations effect good, long-lasting policy? In addition to this, environmental laws do need discriminatory aspects to them in order to promote and protect. But so should fair trade allow for real competition between the sectors. River Basin organizations Key: fair water allocation, Eco services-waste assimilation, floodwater storage, erosion control, preservation of local livelihoods and alleviation of poverty Balancing social, evonomic and environmental objectives. Specific and achievable measures to implement basin-widegoals are a third important factor in the success of RBOs. Such specific measures exist in the case of the Murray-Darling Basin Commission, including a cap on water diversions and the establishment of a water market (Scanlon 2002:5). The result has been more efficient public water use as farmers are required to comply with set limits (McNally and Tognetti 2002:19). A requirement that multinational corporations disclose their environmental liabilities worldwide would empower shareholder activists to promote the corporate responsibility of individual companies in the short run, and would harness markets to reward companies with superior environmental performance in the long run. Ten Suggestions for Policy Makers, Reyner and Malone Do we focus on the reduction of the negatives or the promotion on the positives?   Bibliography John Browne, Beyond Kyoto, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2004. HYPERLINK "http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20040701faessay83404/john-browne/beyond-kyoto.html"http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20040701faessay83404/john-browne/beyond-kyoto.html (Rt) Steve Rayner and Elizabeth L. Malone (eds.), 1998. Ten suggestions for policy makers. In Human Choice and Climate Change: Vol. 4: What have we learned? Columbus, OH: Battelle Press. (Rt) Daniel C. Esty and Maria H. Ivanova, 2002. Revitalizing Global Environmental Governance: A Function-Driven Approach. New Haven, CT: Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. HYPERLINK "http://www.law.yale.edu/outside/html/faculty/danesty/esty.ivanova.geg.chapter1.pdf"http://www.law.yale.edu/outside/html/faculty/danesty/esty.ivanova.geg.chapter1.pdf World Resources Institute et al, 2003. International environmental governance. Chapter 7 in World Resources 2002-2004: Decisions for the Earth: Balance, voice, and power. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute. 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